Niezauważona rewolucja: Konstruktywistyczny idealizm Richarda Burthogge’a

Authors

Bartosz Żukowski
Uniwersytet Łódzki, Wydział Filozoficzno-Historyczny, Instytut Filozofii, Katedra Historii Filozofii
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1502-8677

Keywords:

idealizm, zmysłowość, akt poznawczy, wyobraźnia, model poznania, Burthogge Richard, modi concipiendi

Synopsis

Książka poświęcona jest teorii poznania Richarda Burthogge’a (1638–1705), siedemnastowiecznego filozofa angielskiego, autora m.in. dzieł: Organum Vetus & Novum (1678) oraz An Essay upon Reason, and the Nature of Spirits (1694). Choć epistemologiczne idee Burthogge’a nie wywarły znaczącego wpływu na współczesną mu filozofię, a w konsekwencji nie stały się dotychczas przedmiotem głębszych analiz, w jego pismach odnaleźć można nader oryginalną koncepcję konstruktywistycznego idealizmu, która – oceniana z szerszej perspektywy historycznej – w kluczowych punktach okazuje się antycypować niemal o wiek późniejszą filozofię Kanta. Najistotniejszym elementem tego stanowiska jest odrzucenie możliwości bezpośredniego (intelektualnego bądź zmysłowego) poznania przedmiotów zewnętrznych na rzecz teorii modi concipiendi, zgodnie z którą konceptualizacja rzeczywistości pozaumysłowej dokonuje się zawsze w formie i z użyciem środków określonych przez strukturalne oraz funkcjonalne własności ludzkich zdolności poznawczych. W ten sposób, dowodząc, iż świat zewnętrzny dostępny jest umysłowi ludzkiemu jedynie poprzez „fenomeny”, które sam współtworzy, Burthogge wyraźnie antycypuje Kantowskie twierdzenie o niepoznawalności rzeczywistości samej w sobie.

Co najmniej od lat dwudziestych XX w. wyraża się potrzebę głębszej analizy pism wiecznie „zapomnianych” myślicieli XVII i XVIII wieku. Niniejsza monografia wychodzi naprzeciw tym oczekiwaniom. Choć jej bezpośrednim celem jest poszerzenie wiedzy o wczesnonowożytnej filozofii brytyjskiej, przywrócenie pamięci o doktrynie idealistycznej, o niemal stulecie wyprzedzającej koncepcję Kanta, w przyszłości powinno umożliwić także sformułowanie nowych konkluzji na temat wewnętrznej logiki i immanentnej dynamiki ewolucji całej myśli postkartezjańskiej.

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