Types and participants of scientific speeches

The author presents the types of scientific speeches and their potential participants - speakers and audience. Seven most common forms of scientific meetings are discussed, which include a conference, a congress, a seminar, a symposium, a summer school, a workshop, and a webinar. Each of these events is characterized in detail by providing definitions, specifying their durations, indicating the possible forms in which they are held  (face-to-face, hybrid, remote), and types of presentations (paper, poster, thematic lecture). Differences between passive and active participants in such meetings are also explained. The chapter also looks at other types of speeches, for example those given by academics on the radio or television . Five types of scientists appearing in the media are presented: scientist-popularizer, scientist-commentator, scientist-artist, scientist-official, scientist-politician and their subtypes.