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The Psychology of School Bulling
Why do children get involved with bullying? Does cyberbullying differ from traditional bullying? How can bullying at school be prevented?
The Psychology of School Bullying explores what bullying is and what factors lead to children playing roles as bullies, victims, defenders, bystanders or even some combination of these. The book examines proactive strategies to reduce the likelihood of bullying happening in school, but also looks at what action the school could take if bullying incidents do occur.
As bullying can have such far-reaching consequences and sometimes tragic outcomes, it is vital to grasp how and why it happens, and The Psychology of School Bullying shows how improved knowledge and understanding can lead to effective interventions.
Peter K. Smith is Emeritus Professor of Psychology at Goldsmiths, University of London, UK. He has written and edited many books and articles on the topic of school bullying. In 2015 he was awarded the William Thierry Preyer award for Excellence in Research on Human Development.
Arseneault, L. (2018). Annual research review: The persistent and pervasive impact of being bullied in childhood and adolescence: Implications for policy and practice. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59, 405–421.
Ayers, S.L., Wagaman, M.A., Geiger, J.M., Bermudez-Parsai, M. i Hedberg, E.C. (2012). Examining school-based bullying interventions using multilevel discrete time hazard monitoring. Prevention Science, 13, 539–550.
Ball, H.A., Arsenault, L., Taylor, A., Maughan, B., Caspi, A. i Moffitt, T.E. (2008). Genetic and environmental influences on victims, bullies and bully-victims in childhood. Journal of Child Psychiatry and Psychiatry, 49, 104–112.
Beckman, L. i Svensson, M. (2015). The cost-effectiveness of the Olweus bullying prevention program: Results from a modeling study. Journal of Adolescence, 45, 127–139.
Bibou-Nakou, I., Tsiantis, J., Assimopoulos, H. i Chatzilambou, P. (2012). Bullying/victimization from a family perspective: A qualitative study of secondary school student’ views. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 28, 53–71.
Blakemore, S.-J. i Mills, K.L. (2014). Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing? Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 187–207.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Brown, E.C., Low, S., Smith, B.H. i Haggerty, K.P. (2011). Outcomes from a school-randomized controlled trial of Steps to Respect: A bullying prevention Program. School Psychology Review, 40, 423–443.
Brown, S. i Taylor, K. (2008). Bullying, education and earnings: Evidence from the National child development study. Economics of Education Review, 27, 387–401.
Campbell, M. i Bauman, S. (eds.) (2018). Reducing cyberbullying in schools. London: Elsevier.
Cornell, D. i Huang, F. (2016). Authoritative school climate and high school student risk behavior: A cross-sectional multi-level analysis of student self-reports. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45, 2246–2259.
Cornell, D., Shukla, K. i Konold, T. (2015). Peer victimization and authoritative school climate: A multilevel approach. Journal of Educational Psychology, 107, 1186.
Cowie, H. i Smith, P.K. (2010). Peer support as a means of improving school safety and reducing bullying and violence. W: B. Doll, W. Pfohl i J. Yoon (eds.), Handbook of Youth Prevention Science. New York: Routledge, s. 177–193.
Cross, D., Monks, H., Hall, M., Shaw, T., Pintabona, Y., Erceg, E. i inni (2011). Three year results of the friendly schools whole-of-school intervention on children’s bullying behavior. British Educational Research Journal, 37, 105–129.
Cyberbullying tragedy: New Jersey family to sue after 12-year-old daughter’s suicide. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/new-jersey-family-sue-school-district-after-12-year-old-n788506 (dostęp: 24.04.2023).
Department for Education (2017). Preventing and tackling bullying: Advice for headteachers, staff and governing bodies. www.gov.uk/government/publications (dostęp: 24.04.2023).
Ditch the label (2017). Coroczna ankieta dot. prześladowania. https://www.ditchthelabel.org/ (dostęp: 14.08.2023).
Ellis, B.J., Volk, A.A., Gonzalez, J-M. i Embry, D.D. (2016). The meaningful roles intervention: An evolutionary approach to reducing bullying and increasing prosocial behavior. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 22, 622–637.
Ennis, J. (2012). Unbelievable – From My Childhood Dreams To Winning Olympic Gold. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
Ewaluacja programu Tellus4 (2010). http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120503103309/www.education.gov.uk/publications/eOrderingDownload/DFE-RR002.pdf (dostęp: 24.04.2023).
Farrington, D.P., Lösel, F., Ttofi, M.M. i Theodorakis, N. (2012). School bullying, depression and offending behaviour later in life: An updated systematic review of longitudinal studies. Stockholm: Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention.
Finkelhor, D., Turner, H.A. i Hamby, S. (2012). Let’s prevent peer victimization, not just bullying. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36, 271–274.
Flygare, E., Frånberg, G-M., Gill, P., Johansson, B., Lindberg, O., Osbeck, C. i Söderström, Å. (2011). Evaluation of anti-bullying methods. Report 353. Stockholm: National Agency for Education. www.skolverket.se (dostęp: 24.04.2023).
Frisén, A., Hasselblad, T. i Holmqvist, K. (2012). What actually makes bullying stop? Reports from former victims. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 981–990.
Garandeau, C.F., Poskiparta, E. i Salmivalli, C. (2014). Tackling acute cases of school bullying in the KiVa anti-bullying program: A comparison of two approaches. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 289–300.
Gradinger, P., Yanagida, T., Strohmeier, D. i Spiel, C. (2016). Effectiveness and sustainability of the ViSC social competence program to prevent cyberbullying and cyber-victimization: Class and individual level moderators. Aggressive Behavior, 42, 181–193.
Guldberg, H. (2010). Sorry, but it can be GOOD for children to be bullied. www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1281630/DR-HELENE-GULDBERG-Sorry-GOOD-children-bullied.html (dostęp: 24.04.2023).
Harter, S. (1985). Manual for the self-perception profile for children. Denver, CO: University of Denver.
Hawley, P.H. i Williford, A. (2015). Articulating the theory of bullying intervention programs: Views from social psychology, social work, and organizational science. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 37, 3–15.
Hayes, R. i Herbert, C. (2011). Rising above bullying: From despair to recovery. London–Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley.
Hong, J.S. i Espelage, D.L. (2012). A review of research on bullying and peer victimization in school: An ecological system analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17, 311–322.
Huitsing, G. i Veenstra, R. (2012). Bullying in classrooms: Participant roles from a social network perspective. Aggressive Behavior, 38, 494–509.
Juvonen, J., Nishina, A. i Graham, S. (2001). Self-views versus peer perceptions of victim status among early adolescents. W: J. Juvonen i S. Graham (eds.), Peer harassment at school: The plight of the vulnerable and victimised. New York: Guildford, s. 105–124.
Kanetsuna, T., Smith, P.K. i Morita, Y. (2006). Coping with bullying at school: Children’s recommended strategies and attitudes to school-based interventions in Japan and England. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 570–580.
Kärnä, A., Voeten, M., Poskiparta, E. i Salmivalli, C. (2010). Vulnerable children in varying classroom contexts: Bystanders’ behaviors moderate the effects of risk factors on victimization. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 56, 261–282.
Kwestionariusz Prześladowcy/Ofiary Olweusa. University of Bergen, Norway. olweus@uni.no. Zob. też https://www.pdastats.com/PublicFiles/Olweus_Sample_Standard_School_Report.pdf (dostęp: 24.04.2023).
Lee, S-H., Smith, P.K. i Monks, C. (2012). Meaning and usage of a term for bullying-like phenomena in South Korea: A lifespan perspective. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 31, 342–349.
Lereya, S.T., Samara, M. i Wolke, D. (2013). Parenting behavior and the risk of becoming a victim and a bully/victim: A meta-analysis study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37, 1091–1108.
Machmutow, K., Perren, S., Sticca, F. i Alsaker, F.D. (2012). Peer victimisation and depressive symptoms: Can specific coping strategies buffer the negative impact of cybervictimisation? Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 17, 403–420.
Menesini, E., Nocentini, A. i Palladino, B.E. (2012). Empowering students against bullying: and cyberbullying: Evaluation of an Italian peer-led model. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 6, 313–320.
Monks, C. i Coyne, I. (eds.). (2011). Bullying in different contexts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mooney, S. i Smith, P.K. (1995). Bullying and the child who stammers. British Journal of Special Education, 22, s. 24–27.
Nansel, T.R., Craig, W., Overpeck, M.D., Saluja, G., Ruan, W.J. i The Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Bullying Analyses Working Group. (2004). Cross-national consistency in the relationship between bullying behaviors and psychosocial adjustment. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 158, 730–736.
Nocentini, A. i Menesini, E. (2016). KiVa anti-bullying program in Italy: Evidence of effectiveness in a randomised control trial. Prevention Science, 17, 1012–1023.
Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Oxford: Blackwell.
Olweus, D. i Limber, S. (2010). The Olweus bullying prevention program: Implementation and evaluation over two decades (s. 377–401). W: S. Jimerson, S. Swearer i D. Espelage (eds.), Handbook of bullying in schools: An international perspective. New York: Routledge.
Peeters, M., Cillessen, A.H.N. i Scholte, R.H.J. (2010). Clueless or powerful? Identifying subtypes of bullies in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 1041–1052.
Purdy, N. i Smith, P.K. (2016). A content analysis of school anti-bullying policies in Northern Ireland. Educational Psychology in Practice, 32, 281–295.
Ramirez, M., Ten Eyck, P., Peek-Asa, C., Onwuachi-Willig, A. i Cavanaugh, J.E. (2016). Evaluation of Iowa’s anti-bullying law. Injury Epidemiology, 3(1), 15.
Raporty uczniów dot. prześladowania: wyniki z przeprowadzonej w 2015 r. narodowej ankiety dot. wiktymizacji przestępczej, https://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2017015 (dostęp: 24.04.2023).
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Rigby, K. i Griffiths, C. (2010). Applying the method of shared concern in Australian schools: An evaluative study. Canberra: Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations (DEEWR).
Rivers, I., Poteat, V.P., Noret, N. i Ashurst, N. (2009). Observing bullying at school: The mental health implications of witness status. School Psychology Quarterly, 24, 211–223.
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Salmivalli, C., Lagerspetz, K., Björkqvist, K., Österman, K. i Kaukiainen, A. (1996). Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group. Aggressive Behavior, 22, 1–15.
Slee, P., Skrzypiec, G., Sandhu, D. i Campbell, M. (2018). PhotoStory: A legitimate research tool in cross-cultural research. W: P.K. Smith, S. Sundaram, B. Spears, C. Blaya, M. Schafer i D. Sandhu (eds.), Bullying, cyberbullying and pupil well-being in schools: Comparing European, Australian and Indian perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Smith, P.K. (2014). Understanding school bullying: Its nature and prevention strategies. London: Sage.
Smith, P.K. (2016). School-based interventions to address bullying. Estonian Journal of Education, 4, 142–164.
Smith, P.K. (2017). Bullying and theory of mind: A review. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 13, 90–95.
Smith, P.K., Robinson, S. i Marchi, B. (2016). Cross-national data on victims of bullying: What is really being measured? International Journal of Development Science, 10, 9–19.
Smith, P.K., Talamelli, L., Cowie, H., Naylor, P. i Chauhan, P. (2004). Profiles of non-victims, escaped victims, continuing victims and new victims of school bullying. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 565–581.
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Thompson, F. i Smith, P.K. (2013). Bullying in schools. W: N. Purdy (ed.), Pastoral care 11–16: A critical introduction (s. 64–95). London: Bloomsbury.
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